Explore the Role of Religion in Dystopian Fiction with...

â€Å"Religion plays a key role in dystopian fiction.† With reference to The Children of Men and Brave New World, how far do you agree with this statement? Sixty years separate the publication of the dystopias The Children of Men and Brave New World, but both authors express their depictions of a future world in which religion is drastically changed, and not for the better. Religion and spirituality serve a number of purposes in the two novels, most notably to illustrate the difference between our society and their dystopian society, and also to show the importance of faith in overcoming the difficulties which human beings face. The plot of The Children of Men centres around the struggle of a dissident group to help one of their number give†¦show more content†¦Given that the aim of a dystopia is to provide a nightmare scenario for the readers, religion is one of the aspects which a civilized society holds most dear and is therefore an aspect that the authors would obviously choose to corrupt in order to create a more shocking presentation. Religion also plays an important function in allowing the authors to comment on society and faith’s role in it. For example, both authors seem to be suggesting that our religion is only compatible in society as we know it, that is to say that it is not compatible with other situations. In The Children of Men a major disruption to the working of society, mass infertility, has led to a total destruction of the Christian faith. In Brave New World, an unstoppable surge of machinery and technology has led to the disregard of religious moral and the introduction of a new set of hedonist attitudes, both scenarios being deplored by the reader. This could also be seen as the authors’ asserting that a civilized society desperately needs stable religion and morals, given that the utter breakdown in The Children of Men is arguably as shocking as the superficial worship of machinery and pleasure in Brave New World. Both novels contain very subtle religious references too, including two figures that could be compared to Christ-like characters. This is more obvious in The Children of Men

Trends of Social Networking - 1362 Words

The growth of social networking is one of the fastest growing digital trends to exist. Many social networking sites boast with millions if not billions of members. Prominent examples of these social sites are Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn. Members of these networks use them daily to communicate, share various types of information or to collaborate with other members. Mark Zuckerberg founded Facebook in 2004 and its sole purpose is to give people the power to share and connect with the world. With 1.23 billion monthly active members, Facebook has certainly surpassed all other social sites. To put it in perspective that is roughly one-sixth of the entire world’s population. According to his book, Introduction to Digital Literacy Mark D.†¦show more content†¦Social networking is a phenomenon that makes retrieving information faster and connecting to so much more. According to Cheryl L. Coyle Heather Vaughn (2008) in their article Social networking: Communication revol ution or evolution? suggests that social networking is scrutinized as a â€Å"configuration† of people connecting with one another based upon â€Å"interpersonal† factors. These sites exist due to people needing to be social butterflies and that the human race is dependent on interactions with others to survive. Furthermore, a researcher discusses that â€Å"technology-mediated communication fosters connected presence† and is a direct link to the failing face-to-face connection with peers (pg. 1). My analysis of Social networking: Communication revolution or evolution? by Cheryl L. Coyle Heather Vaughn (2008) while I must agree that we as humans need some sort of interaction with one another, I would not take it to the extreme of suggesting that survivability depends on it unless of course you are an attention seeker. Some might suggest and only making an assumption older generations might state that technology is playing a major role in the declining face-to-face social interaction. However, I will admit that social networking sites can be a form of entertainment for others where on the contrary it is a trueShow MoreRelatedCausal Essay Trends of Social Networking1301 Words   |  6 PagesThe Trends of Social Networking Social communication has always been a vital need to humanity. At its core, social communication did not change. People still exchange thoughts, feelings and news; however, the ways they socially communicate have radically changed. Online social networking is a recent form of social communication conducted over the internet. It witnessed a huge growth since 1997 with the first social networking website SixDegrees.com (â€Å"Boyd†). Social networking websites provideRead MoreThe Impact Of Privacy On Usage Trends For Social Networking Sites1209 Words   |  5 PagesThe rise of social media networks and web applications has amounted to a large amount of multimedia data being produced and communicated across the world. Although user awareness for risks associated with using these websites and applications is at an abysmally low levels as measured by an independent survey. The risks and challenges such as identity theft and disclosure of sensitive information should be properly ad dressed towards customers to avoid any potential loss of their private and personalRead MoreSolutions For The Over Use Of Social Networks For Youths1505 Words   |  7 PagesYiming Wang Morgan Chalfant English 102: J 29 October 2015 Solutions for the Over Use of Social Networks for Youths In modern times, technology is the most important object in people’s daily life. Social networks is experiencing explosive development. 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Cookery Food Safety Audit

Question: Discuss about theCookeryfor Food Safety Audit. Answer: Introduction Food safety audit has been one of the most vital concerns when it comes to the maintenance of food standards and certification as well. The subject has been argued as vital because of the transparency and safety assurance that it offers to consumers. A number of food companies and organizations across the globe usually undertake safety standards through food safety audits in order to assure the consumers or their clients of safety measures that are put in place (Dinham 2003). This has seen them grow in terms of business networking and increasing the consumption scale due to the built trust. This task will therefore discuss into finer details a food safety audit of an existing workplace in order to bring on board the necessities for a food safety program (Kvenberg and Schwalm 2010). It will also offer specific identification of any potential food safety hazards and also a sum of critical control concerns that may be in association with the hazards in question. The task will then end with an evaluation of the already existing practices so as to offer determination on any changes that may be necessary. Background The audit in context is based on a busy market environment where a number of food items are sold. This kind of environment will help in giving a wider view of the various food products as far as food safety is concerned. The nature of the environment in context will also assist in the identification of a number of food safety hazards. Determination of the Nature and Type of Workplace As mentioned in the background, the work place for food safety audit in context with regards to the development of the requirements of food safety program is based on a working environment that is busy and deals in a number of food products (Lees 2012). That working environment is a busy market place where people or consumers buys a number of products mainly for reasons that are consumption related. Identification of Potential Food Safety Hazards There are a number of food safety hazards that consumers are at risk to associate with if proper food safety audit is not undertaken. These hazards may be grouped in form of biological, physical and even chemical hazards. Biological hazards are those that may be caused by bacteria, viruses and even parasites that may find space into the food substances that are sold in the market (Mayes 2002). Physical hazards on the other hand, are those that may occur as foreign bodies that may come into contact with food. Examples of physical safety hazards include the following, metal, wood, soil, stone and dirt among others. All these have got a possibility of coming into contact with food substances and thereby making consumption difficult. The last potential hazard is that of chemical nature, a number of food specialists across the globe, have argued that, in most cases the hazard in question occur inform of cleaning chemical residues, factory contaminants and finally agricultural residues. Determination of the Specifics of the Organization Specific to Food Hazards There are a number of specifics of organizations that are specific to food hazards and most of them will be discussed in this section. Most organization specific to food hazards are usually of bigger sizes as they deal with critical matters globally. The bigger size also directly influences the clients that the organizations work with. It has been discussed that there are many clients who operate under the subject organizations for purposes of ensuring that the food product consumed is of higher quality (National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods 2012). An example of organization that we can peg our discussion to, is that of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations that work in close collaboration with the ministry of health in Australia to ensure that food safety audit is undertaken. The type of food that the organization in context deals with is those that are agricultural and in most cases are sold in market workplace. On the same note, the examination on the layout of agricultural product is usually based on the storage facilities, preparation, and display and customer service points. Most agricultural product usually assumes open layout that can allow sustenance of the products, considering the fact that the product dealt with is also perishable. The preparation of the product is also done in a manner to preserve its nature so as be offered to customers or consumers when in better state. Identification of any at Risk Clientele Being that the food in context is based on agricultural products, the client at risk may be on reasons that of chemical hazards and physical hazards association to food product. This is because; the preservation of the food products may be call for use of certain preservative chemicals that may not go well with the clients (Panisello and Quantick 2011). On the other hand, it is also important to note that the workplace for the products is an open market; physical hazards may equally find space. On a similar notice, it has also been argued that agricultural products specifications are those that goes with their vulnerability and thus affected by the hazards mentioned. The tackled brief point also goes hand in hand with the product supplies and the quality assurance details. The final key area in this topic will be on determination of product safety requirement. Product safety requirement specific to the above workplace The first requirement is that the agricultural produce should be cleaned on any hazard They should be handled with care and concern to avoid contamination The workplace should be clean to offer a clean environment for business Critical Assessment of Food Handling Procedure The food handling procedure should always take into consideration the following concerns, food handling hazards, the hazards that are related to food heating, those that deals with food display, any other chemical or microbiological hazards and even concerns that are related to food susceptibility (Ropkins and Beck 2000). The handling of agricultural food products is an important aspect that must be done in a better procedure. The main hazard that is associated with the handling of the food in context is that of physical hazard, though chemical hazards may also find space. List of Critical Control Points that are Involved in Food Preparation where the Mentioned Hazard can be Controlled There are a number of control points that are associated with the hazards in question. The hazards in context are both physical and chemical. Most of the agricultural foods as mentioned in previous paragraphs are mainly in line with physical hazards because of close association of the two in context. The first control point with respect to the subject is that on key concerns to be undertaken during preparation (Sperber 2008). During food preparation, it is important that a number of concerns are considered, most of these concerns must be those that affirms or assures of food safety. The other critical control measure that should be looked upon should be that of ensuring protective handling measures are put in place. This is because physical hazards are mainly associated with problems that come out due to matters of poor handling of food. There are high chances that the food substance in context can have safety issues in relation to the handling procedures. On the same light, another vital critical control point is on display matters as covered previously. This is where chemical hazards are brought on board. Display matters are associated with preservative control related concerns. This is also in consideration that most of agricultural foods are perishable and therefore preservative measures must be given keen consideration but due to their chemical alignment, there may result chemical hazards (Trienekens and Zuurbier 2008). Evaluation of Existing Food Safety Procedures The subject evaluation is based on the already covered critical control points, matters of monitoring practices, record keeping, control of pest and finally cleaning and sanitation. It has been noted by a number of food safety experts across the globe that exist a number of food safety procedures in relation to the food in context. Some of the existing food safety procedures are based on matters of sanitation and handling procedures. This is majorly in consideration of hazards that have always been in existence. In this particular context, the hazards to be put in consideration includes biological, chemical and also physical. Matters of sanitation to food ensure that the environment in which food is kept is clean and does not offer any risk to the clients or the consumers of the product. The other evaluation that has been in existence is on matters that deal with food handling measures (Walker, Pritchard and Forsythe 2013). This is a procedure that is not only limited to food organization across the globe but also considered by clients in greater view. This is because of the risks that are associated with poor handling procedures. Conclusion In conclusion, the food safety audit in context has been tackled in line with the question and details rubric for the task and therefore offers a number of details that can be used in developing food safety program as per the requirement. The task is therefore with no doubt takes care on matters that relates with food safety procedures as provided in the details above. References Dinham, B., 2003. The pesticide hazard: a global health and environmental audit. Zed Books. Kvenberg, J.E. and Schwalm, D.J., 2010. Use of microbial data for hazard analysis and critical control point verificationFood and drug administration perspective. Journal of Food Protection, 63(6), pp.810-814. Lees, F., 2012. Lees' Loss prevention in the process industries: Hazard identification, assessment and control. Butterworth-Heinemann. Mayes, T., 2002. Simple users' guide to the hazard analysis critical control point concept for the control of food microbiological safety. Food Control, 3(1), pp.14-19. National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods, 2012. Hazard analysis and critical control point system. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 16(1), pp.1-23. Panisello, P.J. and Quantick, P.C., 2011. Technical barriers to hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP). Food control, 12(3), pp.165-173. Ropkins, K. and Beck, A.J., 2000. Evaluation of worldwide approaches to the use of HACCP to control food safety. Trends in Food Science Technology, 11(1), pp.10-21. Sperber, W.H., 2008. Auditing and verification of food safety and HACCP. Food Control, 9(2), pp.157-162. Trienekens, J. and Zuurbier, P., 2008. Quality and safety standards in the food industry, developments and challenges. International Journal of Production Economics, 113(1), pp.107-122. Walker, E., Pritchard, C. and Forsythe, S., 2013. Hazard analysis critical control point and prerequisite programme implementation in small and medium size food businesses. Food Control, 14(3), pp.169-174.

An experiment to determine the enthalpy changes using Hesss law Essay Example

An experiment to determine the enthalpy changes using Hesss law Essay The main idea behind this experiment is to find out the temperature difference between the room temperature and the final temperature. Sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate and hydrochloric acid were used in this experiment. Sodium carbonate, also known as soda ash is got from the reaction of carbonic acid and sodium hydroxide while sodium hydrogencarbonate (baking soda) is a salt formed by the partial replacement of hydrogen by sodium.Data Collection1) Temperature change by using 3.3g of sodium hydrogencarbonateMass of the container on which the sample was weighed = 11.48gMass of the container and the crystals = 14.98gMass of the container after the crystals were added = 11.70gMass of the crystals that did not react = 00.20gMass of the crystals that reacted = 03.30gTime (s)Temperature ( à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ C)023.03023.06023.09018.012015.015015.018015.021015.024015.527016.030016.02) Temperature change by using 1.88g of sodium carbonateMass of the container on which the sample was weigh ed = 11.48gMass of the container and the crystals = 13.48gMass of the container after the crystals were added = 13.60gMass of the crystals that did not react = 00.12gMass of the crystals that reacted = 01.88gTime (s)Temperature ( à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ C)023.03023.06023.09029.012030.015030.018030.021030.024029.527029.030029.03) Temperature change by using 5.66g of sodium hydrogencarbonateMass of the container on which the sample was weighed = 11.48gMass of the container and the crystals = 18.48gMass of the container after the crystals were added = 12.82gMass of the crystals that did not react = 01.34gMass of the crystals that reacted = 05.66gTime (s)Temperature ( à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ C)023.03023.06023.09021.012021.015021.018021.021021.024022.527022.030022.04) Temperature change by using 3.85g of sodium carbonateMass of the container on which the sample was weighed = 11.48gMass of the container and the crystals = 15.48gMass of the container after the crystals were added = 11.63gMass of the crystals th at did not react = 00.15gMass of the crystals that reacted = 03.85gTime (s)Temperature ( à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ C)023.03023.06023.09028.512028.515028.518028.521028.524028.027028.030028.0UNCERTAINITIES+/- 0.01g : Digital weighing scale+/- 0.01s : Stop watch+/- 0.05cm3 : Measuring cylinder+/- 0.05à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C : ThermometerOBSERVATIONS- When hydrochloric acid is added to sodium carbonate, some effervescence (bubbles appear) is observed because of the liberation of carbon dioxide gas. It is completely soluble and in the process it starts getting warmer.- The same thing happens when sodium hydrogencarbonate is added to hydrochloric acid except for the fact it cools down instead of getting warmer.CHEMICALS (QUALITATIVE DATA)1) Hydrochloric acid- It is colorless and odorless. It is a monoprotic acid, that is, it produces 1 hydrogen ion when completely dissolved in water. The molarity of hydrochloric acid used in this experiment is 2M.2) Sodium carbonate- Sodium Carbonate is a white, crystalline com pound soluble in water (absorbing moisture from the air) but insoluble in alcohol. It forms a strongly alkaline water solution. It is also known as soda ash3) Sodium hydrogencarbonate- sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate, chemical compound, NaHCO3, a white crystalline or granular powder, commonly known as bicarbonate of soda or baking soda. It is soluble in water and very slightly soluble in alcohol.DATA PROCESSING AND PRESENTATIONFinding the enthalpy of reaction for the following equation:2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O +CO2a) Using 1.88g of sodium carbonate and 3.3g of sodium hydrogencarbonateEnthalpy cycle for the reaction?H12NaHCO3(s) + 2 HCl 2NaCl(aq) +2 CO2(g)+ 2 H2O(l)?H2 ?H3Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O + 2 HCL(aq)Heat released during the reaction between HCl and NaHCO3 (Q1)= Mc?TSo, Q1 = 25g * 4.18 * (15-23)Q1 = 25* 4.18 * -8Therefore, Q1 = -836 J= -0.836KJCalculating the number of moles present in 3.3g of NaHCO3Number of moles = mass(g)/ molar massMass (g) = 3.3gMolar mass = 2 3 + 1 + 12 +(16*3)= 23 + 1 + 12 + 48= 84 g/molnumber of moles present in 3.3g of NaHCO3 = 3.3g/ (84g/mol)= 0.039 molesCalculating the amount of energy given out by 1 moleIf 0.039 moles of NaHCO3 give -0.836KJ of energy then1 mole would give out (-0.836/0.039 = -21.44KJ) of energyTherefore, ?H1 = -21.44 KJ/molCalculating ?H3 by the above method, that is, the reaction between Na2CO3 and HClQ2 = Mc?TSo, Q2 = 25 * 4.18 * (30-23)Q2 = 25 * 4.18 * 7Therefore, Q2 = 731.5J= 0.7315KJCalculating the number of moles present in 1.8g of Na2CO3Number of moles = mass (g)/ molar massMass (g) = 1.8gMolar mass = (23 * 2) + 12 +(16*3)= 46 +12 + 48= 106 g/molnumber of moles present in 1.8g of Na2CO3 = 1.8g/ (106g/mol)= 0.018 molesCalculating the amount of energy given out by 1 moleIf 0.018 moles of Na2CO3 give -0.731KJ of energy then1 mole would give out (-0.7315/0.018 = 40.64KJ) of energyTherefore, ?H3 = 40.64 KJ/molIn order to find the enthalpy of reaction for:2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O+ CO2; we use the Hes ss law which states that 2 ?H1 = ?H2 + ?H3?H2 = 2 ?H1 ?H3so, 2 ?H1 = 2 * -21.44 KJ/mol= -42.88KJ/mol?H3 = 40.64 KJ/molTherefore, ?H2 = -42.88 40.64= -83.52KJ/molb) Calculating the enthalpy change of reaction using 5.66g of sodium hydrogencarbonate, 3.85g of sodium carbonate and 50cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of HCl.Enthalpy cycle for the reaction?H12NaHCO3(s) + 2 HCl 2NaCl(aq) +2 CO2(g)+ 2 H2O(l)?H2 ?H3Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O + 2 HCL(aq)Heat released during the reaction between HCl and NaHCO3 (Q1)= Mc?TSo, Q1 = 50g * 4.18 * (21.5-23.0)Q1 = 50* 4.18 * 1.5Therefore, Q1 = -331.50 J= -0.3135KJ `Calculating the number of moles present in 5.66g of NaHCO3Number of moles = mass (g)/ molar massMass (g) = 5.66gMolar mass = 23 + 1 + 12 + (16*3)= 23 + 1 + 12 + 48= 84 g/molnumber of moles present in 5.66g of NaHCO3 = 5.66g/ (84g/mol)= 0.0674 molesCalculating the amount of energy given out by 1 moleIf 0.0674 moles of Na2CO3 give -0.3135KJ of energy then1 mole would give out (-0.3135/0.0674 = -4.65KJ) of en ergyTherefore, ?H1 = -4.65 KJ/molCalculating ?H3 by the above method, that is, the reaction between Na2CO3 and HClQ2 = Mc?TSo, Q2 = 50 * 4.18 * (28.5-23)Q2 = 50 * 4.18 * 5.5Therefore, Q2 = 1149.5J= 1.1495KJCalculating the number of moles present in 3.85g of Na2CO3Number of moles = mass (g)/ molar massMass (g) = 3.85gMolar mass = (23 * 2) + 12 + (16*3)= 46 +12 + 48= 106 g/molnumber of moles present in 1.8g of Na2CO3 = 3.85g/ (106g/mol)= 0.036 molesCalculating the amount of energy given out by 1 moleIf 0.036 moles of Na2CO3 give 1.1495KJ of energy then1 mole would give out (1.1495KJ/0.036 = 31.93KJ) of energyTherefore, ?H3 = 31.93KJ/molIn order to find the enthalpy of reaction for:2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O+ CO2; we use the Hesss law which states that 2 ?H1 = ?H2 + ?H3?H2 = 2 ?H1 ?H3so, 2 ?H1 = 2 * -4.65 KJ/mol= -9.3KJ/mol?H3 = 31.93KJ/molTherefore, ?H2 = -9.3KJ/mol 31.93KJ/mol= -41.23KJ/molc) Error analysisDigital weighing scale: 1) 0.01/3.3 * 100= à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.3%2) 0.01/5.66 * 100= à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.18%Stop watch : 0.01/300 * 100= à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 3.3*10^-3Measuring cylinder : 1) 0.05/25 * 100= à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.2%2) 0.05/50 * 100= à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.1%Thermometer : 0.05/23 * 100= à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.22%Total percentage error = 0.22%+ 0.1% + 3.3*10^-3 + 0.18%+ 0.3%= à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.8033%Accounting for the error ?H2 = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ -41.23KJ/mol= à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ -83.52KJ/molConclusionThe reaction between sodium hydrogencarbonate and HCl is endothermic, that is, heat is being absorbed in the reaction and the reaction between sodium carbonate and HCl is exothermic because temperature is given out to the surroundings.Also, in the second part of the experiment when the volume of HCl is increased and also the masses of sodium hydrogencarbonate andsodium carbonate is increased, the temperature difference in the reaction is less than before when the mass were less. The enthalpy of reaction is also decreased in the second part.Evaluation:Reasons for shortcoming in the answers are as follows:1) While t ransferring the HCl from the measuring cylinder to beaker, there is a possibility of leaving out some amount of HCl in the beaker itself.2) An analogue thermometer was used so the temperature may not have been accurate.3) Some systematic errors in the equipment might have led to some slight changes in the readings.Solution to the above problems:1) The first problem stated above is a personal error; So it can only be overcome by practice and improving ones concentration while doing the experiment.2) The second problem could have been overcome by the use of digital thermometer which is more accurate than an analogue thermometer.

Cockney Rhyming Slang Essays

Cockney Rhyming Slang Essays Cockney Rhyming Slang Essay Cockney Rhyming Slang Essay Sir Winston Churchill one time observed that Americans and the British are ‘a plain people divided about a non-private jargon’ †¦ Conditions was that as true as when describing the Cockneys. You’ve certainly heard their stress, made well-known in the whole shooting match from movies based on Dickens and George Bernard Shaw novels to computer-generated gekkos powerful real gekkos how to go forth and sell car insurance. The Australian cadence has its roots in Cockney civilization, as they comprised a beneficent portion of prisoners who were shipped there through the British when they viewed the Berth Down Under as an unreal penal colony. Cockneys are the crafty characters from east London who admire those among their batch who can frame a living simply via ‘ducking and diving, join,’ which is their version of wheeling and dealing on a working-class level. To be a ‘accurate’ Cockney, one must be born ‘within the sounds of the Bow bells.’ That’s a indication to the St Mary-le-Bow Church in the Cheapside partition of London ‘proper.’ Their appear carries to a stretch of approaching three miles, which defines the Cockney digs recovered than any zoning ordinance could do. The arrange ‘Cockney’ foremost appeared in the 1600s, but its actual origins are vague. Its premier known reference was coupled to the Obeisance bells themselves in a patch irony that gave no sensible exchange for the association. Some think that ‘Cockney’ came from the essay second wavelet of Vikings, known as the Normans. These were descendants of the Northmen (’Norman’ was the French information in support of ‘Viking’) who settled in that faction of northern France that came to be known as Normandy when Ruler Charles the Plain ceded it to the Vikings in change object of ceasing their annual summer sackings of Paris. William the Conqueror was a Norman, and when he took England in 1066, a of consequence amount of French pressurize permeated the Anglican language. Normans often referred to London as the Take captive of Sugar Cake, or ‘Pais de Cocaigne,’ which was an allusion to what they gnome as ‘the orderly spirit’ that could be had beside living there. Ultimately, this gave bring into being to a dub as a service to being spoiled, ‘cockering,’ and from there, Cockney was a peremptorily unoriginal away. Cockneys are famous with a view dropping the ‘H’ from the start of words and abominable in the grey matter of every grammar doctor to go to their coining the order ‘ain’t’ to supplant the formal contraction in support of ‘is not.’ However, their most in perfect accord quirk is their unique and catchy rhyming slang. Explanatory note has it that, during the course of their ‘ducking and diving,’ they would then run afoul of the law. It was not uncommon proper for groups of Cockneys to be transported together to and from incarceration and courtroom, plainly in the party of policemen. So that they could represent unashamedly to each other and deny the officers any cleverness to construe what they were saying, Cockneys devised a word/phrase combine scheme that however the truly-indoctinated could follow. This became known as their rhyming slang. It’s simple, really. Instead of illustration: Dog-and-bone = blower Apples-and-pears = stairs Troubles-and-strife = partner So, if a Cockney wanted you to crack upstairs to disclose his spouse that there’s a phone gather in place of her, he’d quiz you to ’steal the apples and advertise the trouble she’s wanted on the dog.’ As a general observation, their craftsmanship is that the another tete-†¦-tete of a rhyming idiomatic expression is the affiliation between the ‘translated’ in sum and the first advice in the rhyming phrase, which becomes the report inured to when speaking. Sometimes, notwithstanding that, to highlight the word, the entire say energy be used. That being the case, if you are definitely exhausted and lust after to make a nub of it, you would vociferate, ‘I’m cream crackered!’ This is because ‘knackered’ is an English compromise concerning with a view being whacked; cream crackers, incidenally, go prosperously with tea. There are sober-sided dictionaries in search Cockney rhyming slang, from filch versions tailored as a service to tourists to online listings. Two good sites an eye to the latter are London Slang and Cockney Rhyming Slang. As with most slang, its vibrance is source quest of unvarying swelling and/or modification of terms, so the Cockney rhymes are always a toil in progress. People note of admonish: nothing sounds worse than a company attempting to over-Cockney their speech. If you’re belief of touring an East Peter out trade in or pub and want to reciprocate your respects by using the adjoining spoken, be prepared with a scattering elementary terms and deploy them with a grin only when the provoke permits. Otherwise, not being satisfied if you’re ‘winsome the Mickey’ out of them or just unknowing, the Cockneys pleasure most right sight you as a ‘promising Charley Ronce’ and modify away. Premised that ‘ponce’ is normal English slang for the treatment of a goose - which had its origins in describing a ‘luxurious bloke,’ conditions known as a ‘pander’ in modern times - you may foremost lack a ‘British’ translator to charge you what dispatch the Cockney was using. Not later than that term, you’ll no hesitate agree that Churchill wasn’t ‘alf Pete Tong (ie- wrong). In truthfully, he didn’t even need to refer to another country in ukase to be right.

Ionic vs Covalent Bonds - Understand the Difference

Ionic vs Covalent Bonds - Understand the Difference A molecule or compound is made when two or more atoms form a  chemical bond, linking them together. The two types of bonds are ionic bonds and covalent bonds. The distinction between them has to do with how equally the atoms participating in the bond share their electrons. Ionic Bonds In an ionic bond, one atom essentially donates an electron to stabilize the other atom. In other words, the electron spends most of its time close to the bonded atom.  Atoms that participate in an ionic bond have different electronegativity values from each other. A polar bond is formed by the attraction between oppositely-charged ions.  For example, sodium and chloride form an ionic bond, to make NaCl, or table salt. You can predict an ionic bond will form when two atoms have different electronegativity values and detect an ionic compound by its properties, including a tendency to dissociate into ions in water. Covalent Bonds In a covalent bond, the atoms are bound by shared electrons. In a true covalent bond, the electronegativity values are the same (e.g., H2, O3), although in practice the electronegativity values just need to be close. If the electron is shared equally between the atoms forming a covalent bond, then the bond is said to be nonpolar. Usually, an electron is more attracted to one atom than to another, forming a polar covalent bond. For example, the atoms in water, H2O, are held together by polar covalent bonds. You can predict a covalent bond will form between two nonmetallic atoms. Also, covalent compounds may dissolve in water, but dont dissociate into ions. Ionic vs Covalent Bonds Summary Heres a quick summary of the differences between ionic and covalent bonds, their properties, and how to recognize them: Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Description Bond between metal and nonmetal. The nonmetal attracts the electron, so it's like the metal donates its electron to it. Bond between two nonmetals with similar electronegativities. Atoms share electrons in their outer orbitals. Polarity High Low Shape No definite shape Definite shape Melting Point High Low Boiling Point High Low State at Room Temperature Solid Liquid or Gas Examples Sodium chloride (NaCl), Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4 ) Methane (CH4), Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Chemical Species Metal and nometal (remember hydrogen can act either way) Two nonmetals Do you understand? Test your comprehension with this quiz. Key Points The two main types of chemical bonds are ionic and covalent bonds.An ionic bond essentially donates an electron to the other atom participating in the bond, while electrons in a covalent bond are shared equally between the atoms.The only pure covalent bonds occur between identical atoms. Usually, there is some polarity (polar covalent bond) in which the electrons are shared, but spend more time with one atom than the other.Ionic bonds form between a metal and a nonmetal. Covalent bonds form between two nonmetals.

DNA In The Criminal Justice Field Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DNA In The Criminal Justice Field - Essay Example The benefits of the stated, as well as the challenges that may confront its implementation, shall be explored herein. Violent crime is increasing and become more widespread. This statement is supported by statistics which indicate that there are an average 25 murders in the United States every single day, in addition to over 1,000 acts of violence, including rape ("World Murder Statistics"). Most of the crimes are solved and the criminals get their legal punishment but, in numerous other cases, the wrong person is imprisoned or the crime remains unsolved. Over and above, catching just one criminal and solving just one case involves hours of police work and costly investigations. In other words, the current method of solving crimes is costly and its results are not guaranteed. It is due to this that the US government should try to improve and enhance its crime fighting ability. As the United Kingdom as already in the process of doing, according to the Lancet science writer, Adrian Linacre, the United States should establish a criminal DNA database. This database which would, at first include DNA sam ples from all people guilty of any type of crime or suspected in a crime, would act as a reference for solving crime in an efficient and certain manner. With such a database, DNA collected from a crime scene can be matched up against DNA already in the databank and DNA collected from the new crime suspects (Linacre). On the one hand, this will help solve crimes much faster and, on the other hand, will protect the innocent from wrongly being accused and imprisoned. The United States, however, does not have such a databank at the present moment. According to the USA Today article, "DNA Database Could Help Solve Crimes," this undermines the ability of US police forces to solve crimes. As written in the article, "The United States is one of only a small number of countries that limit the crime fighting potential of their DNA databases by failing to include suspects and/or arrestees" ("DNA Database"). The reason is that the United States fears that such a database would be an invasion of privacy on the one hand, and that the widespread use of DNA in crime solving would be abused, on the other. While establishing a DNA databank and exploiting DNA science in fighting crime could be interpreted as a violation of privacy, can be abused, and may cost millions of dollars in taxpayers' money, the fact is that a DNA databank and the widespread use of DNA evidence in police work are invaluable in fighting crime; separating the guilty from the innocent, ensuring that criminals are caught and protecting society. Although the use of DNA as a crime fighting and solving method appears quite complicated, it actually is not and can be defined as a more accurate and advanced type of fingerprinting. As defined by Adrian Linacre, a human biologist, DNA refers to the material inside each and every human cell nucleus and which contains an individual's genetic print. That genetic print, or map, is unique to the individual, with the implication being that it functions as a definitive identifier. The importance of DNA, as a

Business Ethics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Business Ethics - Case Study Example Additionally, it is one of the protocols of corporate principles and, therefore, failure to do so will lead to an unsound decision as it will be inconsistent with the principles. The second cause of action is to demand the disclosure of all reports and various programs whether they are just drafts or they are final for all the committee members to have a look at them. The advantage is that all the members who might not have had access to such information can have hence been aware of the information at hand. Conversely, the information that is supposed to be kept secret to the committee can be displayed hence violating the principle of confidentiality. In this scenario, I will not accept the offer of being bought lunch for the gratitude of all my effort from the senior account executive. The merit of taking such cause of action is because the acceptance if such will in some way act as a bribe and hence breaching the principle of objectivity. However, the decline of the offer will lead to the loss of my lunch that I was to receive. The alternative cause of action that I can take is the termination of the deal due to time lapse. It can be well-known that time is of the essence in such a deal, and any delay can lead to the termination of such a contract. The advantage of this action is that it will lead to limited wastage of time and enabling as to perform other important professional functions. Conversely, the action can lead to loss of promotion and lunch courtesy of gratitude for our efforts. The cause of action that I will take here is to take the respective milk from the supplier then check the serial number against that of the newspaper. If found to be the one listed in the newspaper, I will subject to contamination test. I will address the issue to the manager for necessary actions to be taken if found defective. The advantage of this action is to ascertain whether the allegations that are put in the newspaper are true or false.

Analysis of Asian American Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Asian American Essay The United States has become the most diverse society on the face of the earth. For more than a century, most immigrants to the United States were Europeans—Germans, English, Italians, and so forth. However, according to â€Å"Globalization and Contemporary Immigration to the United States† by Min Zhou and J. V. Gatewood, â€Å"non-European immigration to the United States began in the late 1960s and has accelerated at rapid speeds since the early 1990s after a long hiatus due to restricted immigration. † More than one million people a year migrate, mostly from Asia and Latin American- is transforming America into a multicultural society. At the same time, diversity became a distinguishing characteristic of contemporary Asian American. Cultural, social, economic and geopolitical factors have contributed to the diversity and also has brought new challenges for immigrants and their children to adapt themselves to the new environment. (Min Zhou and J. V. Gatewood) There are four aspects about â€Å"the development of a coherent vision for future Asian American† as what Min Zhou and J. V. Gatewood described. Firstly, variously national origins, which make impact on both the immigrant generation and the second and third generation in language and religions. Secondly, socioeconomic diversity brings about different kinds of mobility patterns. Thirdly, diverse settlement modes influence the development of Asian American community. Finally, â€Å"immigration complicates intergenerational relations and ethnic solidarity. † As what Min Zhou and J. V. Gatewood referred, â€Å"the Philippines, China/Taiwan, Korea, India, and Vietnam have been on the list of top-ten sending countries since 1980. †Even though there were different kinds of laws to restrict immigration from the â€Å"Asian-Pacific triangle†, Asian immigrants found other ways to become eligible citizen. For example, marrying white Americans. With the development of globe economy, the U. S. immigration policy had been changed. On the one hand, the United States sought cheaper labor and resources abroad to develop the globalization of its economy. â€Å"Since the 1980s, about on e-third of the engineers and medical personnel in the U. S. labor market have come from abroad-mostly from India, China, Taiwan and the Philippines. † (Min Zhou and J.V. Gatewood) Further, more and more Asian study abroad, therefore, many international students, namely, foreign students, had found permanent employment in America so that they could stay here. On the other hand, globalization had played a significant role in immigration. For one thing, developing countries’ economics and occupational structures were interposed by the U. S. investment. The U. S. imported the abroad material and then processed, finally, exported to those developing countries. For another thing, with the increase number of labor demand, rural-urban migration increased rapidly.

insane narrator :: essays research papers

The Insane Narrator Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809 in Boston Massachusetts. His parents David Poe Jr. and Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins, both died when Edgar was very young. Calvin Thomas published Poe’s first book, Tamerlane and other Poems in Boston in 1827. His first real job was the editor of Thomas W. White’s Southern Literary Messenger where he worked for nearly a year. In 1836, he was married to his 13-year-old cousin. He wrote many short stories including the Tell-Tale Heart in 1843, which is about a murderer who is subconsciously haunted into confessing what he just did. He died on October 7, 1849 in Baltimore. The narrator is insane because of his unnatural preoccupation with the eye, his distorted logic, and the hearing of voices and sounds, which reveal the madness. For some strange reason, the narrator was obsessed with the old man’s eye. He wasn’t even certain on how it started, but to him, it was an eye of a vulture. The old man was going to be murdered because of his pale blue eye. Infact, for seven straight nights at midnight the eye was closed. It wasn’t until finally on the eighth night when the narrator’s thumb slipped on the tin fastening, which woke up the old man. He grew furious when he did see the eye and new inside that he must murder this old man because of his eye. It is hard to imagine why a person’s eye would bother another person enough to kill, but some people are truly insane. His logic was distorted, so to him, the murder of the old man was the only thing that could soothe his pain. He then made the decision to only kill him when he saw his eye. This took him eight days, though I’m sure he would have done it the first night if he had the chance. While he was killing the old man, he had a smile on his face. The murder of the old man was justified.One might think that the narrator needed to murder something for a reason. The reason for killing the old man was absurd, but it worked for him. He also heard voices that would haunt him day and night. Those voices told him the eye was evil, and that he was doing the right thing. He would also hear a groan of terror many nights at midnight.

Contrastive Lexicology Essay

1. Lexicology and linguistics. Contrastive lexicology, object, aim, and tasks. 2. The history of contrastive lexicology, main units and terms. Ukrainian scientists, manuals, observing. 3. Language and vocabulary. The branches of Contrastive Lexicology. 4. Structural aspects of a word: External and Internal structure. Scientific methods to leant English and Ukrainian words in Comparison. 5. The semantic unity of a word. Polysemy: types of semantic component. Sema, Semema, semantic field. 6. The main scientific aspects: syntagmatics and paradigmatics in Contrastive lexicology. 7. Contrastive lexicology and Lexicography. 8. Structure of the vocabulary of modern English and Ukrainian. The main groups of words. Colloquial words, the main stock of English and Ukrainian Vocabulary. 9. Morphemic structure of a word. Morpheme. Allomorph. Morph. 10. English and Ukrainian principles to analyze word structure. Productive and unproductive morphemes. 11. Neologisms, Historicisms and archaisms, their place in English and Ukrainian vocabulary. 12. Etymology as a branch of Lexicology, objective and tasks. Etymological structure of English and Ukrainian vocabulary in comparison. Indo-European element. 13. Word-building in english and ukrainian. Affixation 14. Semantics as a branch of lexicology, its goals and tasks. 15. Etymological structure of English and Ukrainian vocabulary; borrowed and native elements; loan words, Etymological doublets and triplets. 16. Etymology: peculiar features of international words. International words in translation. 17. Denotative and connotative meaning of a word. Bilingual dictionaries in translating and interpreting. Printed and electronic dictionaries. 18. Word-formation: productive ways to derive words in English and Ukrainian: Composition. 19. Word-formation: reduplication, back-formation. 29. General ways to enrich English and Ukrainian vocabulary. Nonce-words, Euphemisms, word-groups with transferred meanings. 35. Semantics: Types of semantic component; the processes of Development and Change of Meaning in English and Ukrainian. 36. Semantics: Kinds of transference (based on resemblance and based on contiguity); broadening and narrowing of Meaning. 37. Synonyms in English and Ukrainian vocabulary; Hypheronyms and Hyponyms. The Dominant Synonyms. 38. Isomophism and allomorphism in contrastive lexicology as basic principles. Branches of Contrastive Lexicology. 39. English and Ukrainian idioms, phraseologisms, usage, way of interpreting. 1. Lexicology and linguistics. Contrastive lexicology, object, aim, and tasks. Lexicology is that part of linguistics which studies words, their nature and meaning, words’ elements, relations between words (semantical relations), words groups and the whole lexicon. LG is a branch of linguistics and has its own aims and methods of scientific research. Its basic task is to study and descript systematically the vocabulary in respect to its origin, development and current use. Linguistics is the scientific study of natural language. Linguistics is narrowly defined as the scientific approach to the study of language, but language can be approached from a variety of directions, and a number of other intellectual disciplines are relevant to it and influence its study. The Contrastive and Comparative LG – their aims are to study the correlation between the vocabularies of 2 or more languages and find out the correspondences between the vocabulary units. The task of Contrastive lexicology is â€Å"to compare linguistic accounts stated, within the same lexicological framework, of the lexical competence necessarily possessed by speakers of the two languages concerned†. Aim: To conduct a comparative-synchronic comparison of lexical items and events, to highlight common features in the lexicon of two languages. Explore lexical linguistic phenomenon (trends words) and discover the peculiarities of the national outlook. Object: lexical units of the two languages. Subject: different aspects (origin of word morphemic structure, lexical change trend values), phenomena or processes (common features). 2. The history of contrastive lexicology, main units and terms. Ukrainian scientists, manuals, observing. The term â€Å"Lexicology† first was introduced in the French D. Diderot and d’Alembert’s encyclopedia in 1765. However, as a separate part of Linguistics, Lexicology appeared relatively recently. At the beginning of 20 century, an American linguist Leonard Bloomfield thought that linguistics in general should not engage in semantics. Ukrainian scientists presented the Kiev and Kharkov school: Ðâ€"Ð »Ã ¾Ã ±Ã'‚Ð µÃ ½Ã ºÃ ¾, ГÐ ¾Ã »Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã ¾Ã ²Ã' Ã'Å'Ð ºÃ ¸Ã ¹, Ðâ€"Ð °Ã ¹Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ¾Ã º, КÐ ¾Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã µÃ'†Ã'Å', БÃ'Æ'Ð ±Ã »Ã µÃ ¹Ã ½Ã ¸Ã º, КÐ ¾Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ ½Ã ºÃ ¾. The second half of 19 century. Stylistics, grammar, lexicology are contrastive . 3. Language and vocabulary. The branches of Contrastive Lexicology. Lexicography is the science and art of compiling dictionary. The first book published under the English title Dictionary was Latin-English Dictionary by Sir Thomas Elyot (1538). For a medieval scholar a dictionary was a collection of diction or phrases put together for the use of pupils studying Latin. One of the purposes of dictionary in medieval times was glossing texts and employing synonyms for them. Dictionaries are prepared to serve different practical needs of the people. A reader looks at the dictionary mainly from the following points of view: (1) as a reference book for different types of information on words e.g. pronunciation, etymology, usage etc. this may be called the store house function of the dictionary. (2) as a reference point for distinguishing the good or proper usage from the bad or wrong usage. This is the legislative or the court house function of the dictionary. Branches: The General LG – the general study of words and vocabulary. Linguistic phenomena and properties common to all languages are generally referred as language universals. The Special LG – is the LG of a particular language. That’s the study of and description of its vocabulary and vocabulary units. The Historical LG – the evolution of any vocabulary. It discusses the origin of various words, their change and development, investigates linguistics and extra linguistics forces. The object – its single elements, modifying their structure, meaning and usage. The Contrastive and Comparative LG – their aims are to study the correlation between the vocabularies of 2 or more languages and find out the correspondences between the vocabulary units. The descriptive LG – deals with the vocabulary of a given language at a given stage of its development. LG also studies all kinds of semantic grouping and semantic relations such as synonymy, ant onymy, homonymy, semantic fields. Meaning relations as a whole are dealed within semantics – the Study of meaning. 4. Structural aspects of a word: External and Internal structure. Scientific methods to leant English and Ukrainian words in Comparison. The word can be seen in terms of its internal and external structures. The external structure of the word – its its morphemic composition. It is considered in terms of free and bound morphemes. The Units of external structure are the structure of prefixes, suffixes, roots, foundations, and their combination of lexical items in two languages. The external structure of the word – is a study of Word Formation. Word Formation in English and Ukrainian language has much in common, and words often have similar structure. Considerable Amount of prefixes and suffixes are unique in two languages (writer; student; teacher – Ð ¿Ã ¸Ã' Ã'Å'Ð ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¸Ã º; Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚; Ð ²Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'), part of Ukrainian suffixes (suffix system and the Ukrainian language is much more developed and richer than Engl ish) has not derivational analogy in English (Ã' Ã ¾Ã ½Ã'†Ð µ Ã'â€" Ã' Ã ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ'‡Ð ºÃ ¾, Ã'…Ð ²Ã ¸Ã »Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ° Ã'â€" Ã'…Ð ²Ã ¸Ã »Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ºÃ °). Internal structure of words – its its meaning, views and values of its shades, are seing in part of lexicology called semasiology. Some words has quite clear phonetic motivation: buzz, splash, snore and Ð ´Ã ·Ã ¸Ã ¶Ã'‡Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¸, Ã'…Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ¿Ã °Ã'‚Ð ¸, Ã'…Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã'â€"Ã'‚Ð ¸ – and the imitation of sounds of two languages (similar in nature) may be different Ukrainian people hear in snoring Ã'…Ã'€(Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ¼.Ã'€Ð µÃ ´. Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ð ½Ã µ Ã'â€"Ã' Ã º Ð ¿Ã'â€", Ð ° Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ'€ Ð »Ã'â€"Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð ¸ Ã'…Ã'€), and British people hear s..r. Distributive analysis – a method of language-based learning environments of all possible linguistic units, the words in the text (excluding notional side words).(e.g. man – Adj+N(boring man), work – V+Adv(to work slowly).) Analysis of the direct components – a unit of linguistic analysis by its representation as a nested hierarchy of elements from each ot her, forming a structure. Thus, in the case of non-governmental words we first distinguish two components – non /-governmental, as it is formed from the word non-government, then government / al, and finally govern / ment. Component analysis – a method of linguistic analysis of lexical units, lexical expansion and the value of the minimal semantic components and representation of lexical meaning (e.g. a nose – denotative – Ð ½Ã ¾Ã' , to nose connotative – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'ŽÃ'…Ð ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã' Ã' ). Transform analysis – is to change language unit into a unit with another structure without changing the content(e.g. to give help – to help; to play visit – to come). In the Ukrainian language you can determine the status characteristic phrases Ð ½Ã °Ã ´Ã °Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ð ¸ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ¾Ã ³Ã'Æ' – Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã °Ã ³Ã °Ã'‚Ð ¸ (Ð °Ã ºÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¹ Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã ½), Ð ° Ð ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ¼Ã'Æ'Ð ²Ã °Ã'‚Ð ¸ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ¾Ã ³Ã'Æ' (Ð ¿Ã °Ã' Ã ¸Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¹) there is no one-word expression. 5. The semantic unity of a word. Polysemy: types of semantic component. Sema, Semema, semantic field. The semantic unity of a compound word is often very strong. In such cases we have idiomatic compounds where the meaning of the whole is not a sum of meanings of its components, e.g. to ghostwrite, skinhead, brain-drain etc. In nonidiomatic compounds semantic unity is not strong, e. g., airbus, to bloodtransfuse, astrodynamics etc. Polysemy is the capacity for a sign (e.g., a word, phrase, etc.) or signs to have multiple meanings (sememes), i.e., a large semantic field. Types of Semantic Components: The leading semantic component in the semantic structure of a word is usually termed denotative component. The denotative component expresses the conceptual content of a word.(e.g. lonely, adj. – alone, without company , to glance, v.- to look). It is quite obvious that the definitions only partially and incompletely describe the meanings of their corresponding words. They do not give a more or less full picture of the meaning of a word. To do it, it is necessary to include in the scheme of analysis additional semantic components which are termed connotations or connotative components. Grammatical meaning is a meaning which comes to the fore in the words with different lexical meaning, and brings them into one row: apples, tables, books, birds – grammatical meaning of plurality; was, went, ate, did, slept, knew – grammatical meaning of past tense. Lexical meaning – is a meaning which combines different grammatical forms of a word into one paradigm: to be, was, were, been, is, are; apple, apples, apple’s. Seme – an elementary semantic feature, a minimal unit of meaning. Sememe – a set of semes recognizable in a given word. A semantic field is a technical term in the discipline of linguistics to describe a set of words grouped in a certain way. 6. The main scientific aspects: syntagmatics and paradigmatics in Contrastive lexicology. Syntagmatics – linear (simultaneous) relationship of words in speech as distinct from associative (non-simultaneous) relationship of words in language. Paradigmatics – 1) associative (non-simultaneous) relationship of words in language as distinct from linear (simultaneous) relationship of words in speech (syntagmatics); relation of units in absentia (e.g. synonymic, antonymic relationships); 2) an approach to language when the elements of its system are regarded as associated units joined by oppositional relationship.Word-meaning in syntagmatics and paradigmatics Intralinguistic relations of words are basically of 2 types: syntagmatic and paradigmatic. Syntagmatic relations define the meaning the word possesses when it is used in combination with other words in the flow of speech. Paradigmatic relations are those that exist between individual lexical items which make up one of the subgroups of vocabulary items (sets of synonyms, lexico-semantic groups, etc.). Syntagmatic relations Paradigmatic relations He got a letter. I received a note. She obtained an epistle. 7. Contrastive lexicology and Lexicography. Lexicology is that part of linguistics which studies words, their nature and meaning, words’ elements, relations between words (semantical relations), words groups and the whole lexicon. The Contrastive LG – is a branch of lexicology. Its aim is to study the correlation between the vocabularies of 2 or more languages and find out the correspondences between the vocabulary units. Lexicography is an important branch of linguistics which covers the theory and practice of compiling dictionaries. Lexicography is divided into two related disciplines: Practical lexicography is the art or craft of compiling, writing and editing dictionaries. Theoretical lexicography is the scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language, developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries, the needs for information by users in specific types of situati on, and how users may best access the data incorporated in printed and electronic dictionaries. 8. Structure of the vocabulary of modern English and Ukrainian. The main groups of words. Colloquial words, the main stock of English and Ukrainian Vocabulary. Compiling the dictionary included a conceptual framework of its own language (lexical, grammatical), and sociolinguistic aspects are closely interrelated. Most vocabulary words gives the collection of one or another language in alphabetical order. There are dictionaries in which words are represented nested system, it means that in a lexical article are all derived words derived from one root word. There are even inversion dictionaries – in the words given them by letter words end.The whole of the word-stock of the English language can be divided into three main layers: the literary layer, the neutral layer and the colloquial layer. The literary and colloquial layers contain a number of subgroups each of which has a property it shares with all the subgroups within the layer. The aspect of the literary layer is its markedly bookish character. The aspect of the colloquial layer is its lively spoken character which makes the layer unstable. The aspect of the neutral layer is its universal character. That means it is unrestricted in its use. It can be used in all styles of the language. It is this feature that makes the layer the most stable of all. The subgroups of the special literary vocabulary are the following: terms, poetical words, foreignisms and barbarisms(non-assimilated words that are known to everyone(tet-a-tet, Ð ¼Ã µÃ'€Ã' Ã'â€" Ð ±Ã ¾Ã ºÃ'Æ'), archaic words(woe (sorrow), nigh (near)), nonce-words. The subgroups of the special colloquial layer are such: dialectical words, vulgarisms, slang, jargon, professionalisms, nonce-words. 9. Morphemic structure of a word. Morpheme. Allomorph. Morph. The morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of form. A form in these cases a recurring discrete unit of speech. Morphemes occur in speech only as constituent parts of words, not independently, although a word may consist of single morpheme. Words that consist of a root and an affix are called derived words or derivatives and are produced by the process of word building known as affixation (or derivation). The root-morpheme is the lexical nucleus of the word; it has a very general and abstract lexical meaning common to a set of semantically related words constituting one word-cluster, e.g. (to) teach, teacher, teaching. Affixational morphemes include inflectional affixes or inflections and derivational affixes. Inflections carry only grammatical meaning and are thus relevant only for the formation of word-forms. Derivational affixes are relevant for building various types of words. They are lexically always dependent on the root which they modify. An allomorph is a linguistics term for a variant form of a morpheme. The concept occurs when a unit of meaning can vary in sound (phonologically) without changing meaning. It is used in linguistics to explain the comprehension of variations in sound for a specific morpheme. Allomorph is also defined as a positional variant of a morpheme occurring in a specific environment and so characterized by complementary description. Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph. 10. English and Ukrainian principles to analyze word structure. Productive and unproductive morphemes. In most cases the morphemic structure of words is transparent enough and individual morphemes clearly stand out within the word. The segmentation of words is generally carried out according to the method of Immediate and Ultimate Constituents. This method is based on the binary principle, i.e. each stage of the procedure involves two components the word immediately breaks into. At each stage these two components are referred to as the Immediate Constituents. Each Immediate Constituent at the next stage of analysis is in turn broken into smaller meaningful elements. The analysis is completed when we arrive at constituents incapable of further division, i.e. morphemes. These are referred to Ultimate Constituents. The analysis of word-structure at the morphemic level must proceed to the stage of Ultimate Constituents. For example, the noun friendliness is first segmented into the ICs: [frendlÄ ±-] recurring in the adjectives friendly-looking and friendly and [-nÄ ±s] found in a countless number of nouns, such as unhappiness, blackness, sameness, etc. the IC [-nÄ ±s] is at the same time an UC of the word, as it cannot be broken into any smaller elements possessing both sound-form and meaning. Any further division of -ness would give individual speech-sounds which denote nothing by themselves. The IC(Immediate Constituents) [frendlÄ ±-] is next broken into the ICs [-lÄ ±] and [frend-] which are both UCs(Ultimate Constituents) of the word. Morphemic analysis under the method of Ultimate Constituents may be carried out on the basis of two principles: the so-called root-principle and affix principle. According to the affix principle the splitting of the word into its constituent morphemes is based on the identification of the affix within a set of words, e.g. the identification of the suffix -er leads to the segmentation of words singer, teacher, swimmer into the derivational morpheme – er and the roots teach- , sing-, drive-. According to the root-principle, the segmentation of the word is based on the identification of the root-morpheme in a word-cluster, for example the identification of the root-morpheme agree- in the words agreeable, agreement, disagree.By productive affixes we mean the ones, which take part in deriving new words in this particular period of language development. The best way to identify productive affixes is to look for them among neologisms and so-called nonce-words, i. e. words coined and used only for this particular occasion. Unproductive, non-affix morphemes that exist only in bound form are known as â€Å"cranberry† morphemes, from the à ¢â‚¬Å"cran† in that very word.

Economics and Higher Grades Essay

Should I study more in math? T-Chart Cost Benefit Less time for things I like to do. | Higher grades. | Less time for family and friends. | Increased scores in finals. | Less time to earn money. | Graduate high school and more opportunities. | 1 Explain how the concepts of scarcity, choice, and opportunity cost relate to your dilemma. For scarcity it would be that instead of me doing other things of my liking I would study, resulting in higher grades. Opportunity cost would be for example working which comes with making money and letting that go but then in the long run being able to graduate high school and have more opportunities. 2 What are the possible short-term costs and benefits? What are the possible long-term costs and benefits? Explain your answers and make sure all are listed in your chart. The short term costs would be to give up things I like in return for higher grades. Also giving up some time with friends & family would be shown in my final scores as it gives more time for studying. Also not working or making an income would take up less time and would make me be able to concentrate full time on my studies. 3. Which column has more responses? Which column has more powerful responses? Explain which points are most important to you and why. I believe the more powerful response come from the benefit as they are what I want the most and don’t really compare to the other short term effects. For example I would rather want to graduate and whatnot than to have money right now as I know it will help me in the future. 4. Based on the chart and your reflection of the above questions, what will be your final choice? Was this process helpful to you in reaching a decision? Write a brief paragraph with at least three details to persuade your instructor that this is the best decision. I would take more time to study as it pays off in the long run and would obviously be more beneficial to me than not doing it. It will also as you can see in the chart make me be able to excel more in the area’s in math I am having trouble with. I will be able to not have any trouble in passing exams, and I will be acquiring more knowledge on the subject for the future. Giving up work will also put a negative impact in short term for my wallet but it will give more time for me to acquire other knowledge on the subject.

Gun Rights Under President Bill Clinton

Gun Rights Under President Bill Clinton The administration of President Bill Clinton represented a significant shift in Democratic presidential politics in the United States. Clinton, an Arkansas governor who defeated Republican George H.W. Bush in the 1992 election, became the first Democratic presidential candidate to campaign on promises of stricter gun laws. With the exception of Lyndon B. Johnson, who made gun control a focal point of his administration upon assuming the presidency after President John F. Kennedy was assassinated, gun politics had not been a central part of any presidential administration. In what might have been gun control advocates’ brightest hour on the federal stage, Clinton lobbied for two major pieces of gun control legislation and used his executive authority to usher in additional gun control measures in what was viewed as a major setback for gun rights. The Brady Bill The Brady Bill, which made it more difficult to purchase a handgun, was a hallmark of the Clinton presidency. First introduced in 1987, the Brady Bill was named for President Ronald Reagan’s press secretary, John Brady, who was wounded in an attempt to assassinate Reagan in 1981. Brady’s wife, Sarah Brady, became a major proponent of gun control legislation following the assassination attempt, which left her husband partially but permanently paralyzed. Despite the backing of Reagan, various versions of the Brady Bill did not come seriously close to passing until the Bush administration, when Bush vetoed a version of the legislation passed by Congress. After defeating Bush in 1992, Clinton lobbied the House and Senate to send the bill back to the White House again. Congress obliged, and Clinton signed the Brady Bill into law on Nov. 30, 1993, less than one year into his presidency. The bill created a mandatory five-day waiting period after handgun purchases and required local law enforcement to run background checks on purchasers. Assault Weapons Ban Emboldened by the success of the Brady Bill, Clinton next turned his sights on an assault weapons ban, another gun control battle that had been simmering since the mid-1980s. By late summer in 1994, legislation enacting such a ban was making serious headway in Congress. On Sept. 13, 1994, Clinton signed the Assault Weapons Ban into law as part of the 1994 Crime Bill. Targeting semi-automatic weapons bearing characteristics of military guns, the AWB banned a wide range of weapons, such as the AK-47 and the AR series of rifles. Among guns outlawed by the AWB were any that included two or more of a list of characteristics ranging from telescoping stocks to bayonet mounts. Executive Measures While a Republican takeover of the House of Representatives in the 1994 midterm election hampered efforts by the Clinton White House to usher in more gun control measures, Clinton turned to his executive powers several times during his second term to tighten down on gun ownership. One such measure was an order banning the importation of more than four dozen makes of assault weapons, such as variations of the AK-47. The order, signed in 1998, targeted the importation of guns that were not subjected to the 1994 Assault Weapons Ban. Another measure was an order in the eleventh hour of Clinton’s presidency banning the importation of certain makes of so-called â€Å"assault pistols,† such as Uzis, and requiring firearms dealers to submit to fingerprinting and background checks. Finally, the White House reached a deal with firearms giant Smith Wesson in which Clinton promised an end to civil lawsuits against the gun manufacturer in exchange for Smith Wesson outfitting its guns with trigger locks and agreeing to implement â€Å"smart gun† technology within two years. Gun Crackdowns Rendered Toothless While the National Rifle Association and most American gun owners lamented the gun policies of the Clinton administration, time and the courts have rendered most of those stricter gun measures ineffective. Parts of the Brady Bill were struck down as unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2007 (although the five-day wait would have been rendered a moot point with the establishment of a national instant background check system, which soon followed). The Assault Weapons Ban was allowed to expire in 2004 when Congress failed to take up legislation that would have extended the ban or made it permanent, and Clinton’s predecessor, George W. Bush, did not lobby for the extension. And a combination of new ownership at Smith Wesson and a Bush administration crackdown on lawsuits aimed at gun manufacturers ultimately crippled the Clinton administration’s agreement with Smith Wesson, as the gun-maker backed out of most of the agreement’s provisions, including a pledge to invest in smart gun technology. The Clinton administration’s only lasting impact on gun rights are the lack of certain imports of foreign semiautomatic rifles and background checks for handgun purchases. Ironically, it was those early victories that had lost much of their effectiveness within 10 years that prevented Clinton from pushing through what might have been longer-lasting gun control measures during his second term. The Brady Bill and Assault Weapons Ban were blamed for the defeat of several Democrats who voted for them as Republicans took control of the House in 1994. As a result, Clinton’s gun control priorities in the latter years of his presidency were never able to meet the muster of Republican opposition. Among them were requirements for child trigger locks, a three-day waiting period for gun show purchases and high capacity magazine bans.

6 Ways to Use the Preposition Di in Italian

6 Ways to Use the Preposition Di in Italian While students are often taught in classrooms that the preposition â€Å"di† simply means â€Å"of†, the truth is a lot more complicated. In fact, the small, unassuming â€Å"di† can actually mean: OfFromAboutByThan 6 Common Ways to Use Di in Italian Below you’ll find the various ways that it’s used along with some examples to help you clarify how you can use it in conversation, too. 1. To Show Possession È il libro di Maria. - It’s Marias book.La nonna della mia ragazza à ¨ qua. - My girlfriend’s grandmother is here.Vado al negozio di Giovanni. - I’m going to Giovanni’s shop. â€Å"Di† can also be used to talk about creative possession in terms of the authors of books or the director of movies, like: Ho letto i libri di Rossana Campo. - I’ve read Rossana Campo’s books.Oggi leggeremo la Divina Commedia di Dante. - Today we’re going to read Dante’s Divina Commedia. 2.  To Describe What an Object Is Made Of Il tavolo di legno - Wooden tableLa spada di metallo - Metal knifeLa medaglia di bronzo - Bronze medal Note that if a material is more precious in nature, like â€Å"il marmo - marble†, then you may also use the preposition â€Å"in†. Una statua in marmo - A marble statueUna collana in oro zecchino - A pure gold necklace 3.  To Show Origin Using the Verb Essere di Nome di Citt (Name of the City) Elisa à ¨ di Napoli. - Elisa is from Napoli.Maurizio à ¨ di Prato. - Maurizio is from Prato.I Rossi sono di Catania. - The Rossis are from Catania.Sono di Portland. - I’m from Portland. 4. To Be Used With Certain Verbs Decidere di (fare qualcosa) - To decide to (do something)Avere bisogno di (fare qualcosa) - To need to (do something)Finire di (fare qualcosa) - To finish (doing something)Accorgersi di (qualcosa) - To notice (something)Innamorarsi di (qualcuno) - To be in love with (someone)Vergognarsi di (qualcosa) - To be ashamed by (something) This is not an exhaustive list of all of the verbs that are paired with the preposition â€Å"di†, but it does give you a taste of common ones. 5.  To Be Used in Fixed Phrases Di sera - During the eveningDi notte - At nightDestate - During/In the summerUn uomo di mezza et - A middle-aged manTassa di soggiorno - Visitor tax 6. To Make Comparisons Lucia à ¨ pià ¹ alta di Marco. - Lucia is taller than Marco.La mia macchina à ¨ pià ¹ bella della tua. - My car is more beautiful than yours.Susan riesce a parlare l’italiano meglio di suo marito. - Susan is able to speak Italian better than her husband. Other Common Usages of Di in Italian Di is used in a couple of other scenarios as well. To give your shoe size Porto il 39 di scarpe. - I wear size 39 shoes. To specify measurements Vorrei 400 grammi di spinaci. - I would like 400 grams of spinach. While it might seem intimidating to realize there is a ton to learn around just one preposition, take comfort in the fact that nobody learns how to use â€Å"di†, or any pieces of the Italian language, overnight. Each student will pick up a little here and little there and over time, knowledge will accumulate, so don’t feel pressured to memorize everything right now. As the Italians say, piano, piano (bit by bit).

Business Simulation Game (Individual Report) Essay

Business Simulation Game (Individual Report) - Essay Example ment of a foot-wear company operating in Europe-Africa, Latin America, Asia-Pacific and North America and the strategic decisions that the virtual company has made from its Year 10 to Year 15 of operation. The company operates in four different geographical areas; Europe-Africa, Latin America, Asia-Pacific and North America. This means the company operates in different political atmospheres. It thus has to deal with the problems and challenges of political ambiguities and turbulence. In order to create a political environment that is amenable to our business, we have pursued political risk management strategies. We have taken advantage of the growing global awareness and entered into the global market. As globalization leads to more business opportunities for our company, we have to change the roles of the business game and strategize accordingly with the changing dynamics. We appreciate that different organizational players and settings shape our business opportunities through different public policy processes in the locales that host our operations. Before settling on any particular strategy to take control of the political uncertainty, our company further considered the High Involvement Strategy. This involved contemplating the possibility of expending great resources and developing a more elaborate strategy. The strategy would be geared towards effecting the political environment in ways that would yield maximum returns to our efforts. Using this strategy, the company did not abandon the idea of networking with other similar-minded firms. Instead of coalition with like-minded firms to gain scale, the strategy would be for diverse parties to gain scope. All companies, organizations and agencies are potential members of the High Involvement Strategy. The strategy would include networking of regional, local, national, political, economic and social actors. Through frequent communication and contact, the network behaves like an information-gathering device that

Fashion Designer Term Project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fashion Designer Project - Term Paper Example The paper "Fashion Designer Term Project" discovers such designers as Tommy Hilfiger and Kenneth Cole. Fashion designer Tommy Hilfiger born 1951 is an American citizen. He is also the founder of Tommy Hilfiger Corporation which is a first-class lifestyle brand. At 25, Hilfiger set up a shop called the peoples place in New York City. Tommy Hilfiger is considered great because the designer designs clothes for men, women and children. Furthermore, he designs accessories too. On the other hand, Tommy Hilfiger has a positive and powerful reputation internationally because his designs are classic and trendy at the same time. Due to this, majority of his designs are preferred by the elite class. This has made his designs ironically to be very popular since people admire the high quality of his designs. Tommy Hilfiger’s anesthetic characteristic that I like the most is his use of color. Tommy choice of colors is playful but serious at the same time. This is because most of his labels are all in red, blue and white. The store has some contemporary designs that were inspired by these colors and are on display. Most of the color printing done on the shirts and dresses was inspired by Tommy Hilfiger. In some respect, I assume is a representation of his country that he is so proud of, but I think it is a statement decision. The color red is bold, sexy and passionate; a statement which I think Tommy wants the client to feel when purchasing the clothes. The color blue is cool, calm and assuring a feeling.

Elements of National Interest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Elements of National Interest - Essay Example Power refers to the ability to directly or indirectly influence the attitude and behavior of people either willingly or by coercion to get the desired end result. The principle of power is another important American principle that has significantly influenced the American foreign policy strategies (Jentleson, 17). On the other hand, the principle of peace is important particularly with regard to the fact that peaceful coexistence enables international institutionalism and economic interdependence between countries. Generally Peace can be defined as a state of harmony that exists when there is no violence, hostility and aggression. It takes into consideration inter boundary relations among countries A good example is the current European Union which has thrived on both the principles of power, prosperity and peace. It is the interaction of these principles that are embedded in America’s national interest. America’s power and show of might in protecting its citizen agains t aggression and assault by use of nuclear weapon is aimed at ensuring peaceful co existence of its citizens and the neighboring countries. The elements of national interest emanate from the fact that those who have power, be they leaders or politicians play a crucial role in the development of the country and its prosperity. Throughout the history both during the cold war period (1945-1990) as well as in the present times, many of the aspects of the US foreign policy strategies have occasionally come into conflict with the 4Ps as well as with one another. A good example of a contradiction between the principles and the US national interests during the cold war period was the Arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union. At the heart of the cold war were the ideological differences between America and its allies and the Soviet Union and its aligned countries. For example the Western bloc lead by the United States believed in capitalism, democracy, freedom and liberty whi le the Eastern bloc lead by the Soviet Union championed Communism and greater state control of politics and economics of their countries. The cold war resulted into a serious military and political tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and allies. The conflict between the US foreign policy strategies and its national interests during the cold was that while the stock piling more weapons including nuclear weapons was good for the security interests of the nation, it proved to be costly and resulted in an economic back lash that significantly affected the principle of prosperity. The major trade of that the leaders of the United States had to make during conflict of their principles of prosperity and national security interests was to compromise their economic prosperity for the sake of national security interests. Despite the costs, the US continued to be involved in the arms race with the Soviet Union and its allies. It also attempted to expand its influence to coun ter communism through regime changes in the Soviet aligned countries and this particularly proved to be politically and economically expensive as was evidenced by the Viet Nam war, Korean War and the Gulf war. All these wars proved to be costly and contradicted the principles of prosperity but the leaders chose to trade off the economic costs with the need to achieve more influence and power in the global affairs. The positive consequence of the trade offs in this regard was the fact that America achieved power and more influence in the

Essay On Parliamentary Sovereignty

Essay On Parliamentary Sovereignty Tesco was founded in 1924 by John Edward Cohen in the East End of London. The name Tesco, was first used on tea, and was derived from the initials of Cohens tea supplier, T E Stockwell, combined with the first two letters of Cohen. Tesco Stores Limited was incorporated in 1932. In 1935, Jack Cohen visited the U S A and was impressed by the supermarkets self-service system which enabled more people to be served faster, with lower labour costs. In 1947, the Tesco branch in St Albans, a small shop by 21st century standards (200 square metres) was the first Tesco to be converted to self service, although it didnt immediately catch the publics imagination. See appendix 1 for details. Tescos Mission Statement Tescos mission statement is to Retain Loyal People. To make sure Tesco achieve their mission statement, they need to know who their loyal customers are. That is why Tesco has got a club card service, through which they can award people by giving them special vouchers and extra points. Vision A business aim is an organisations long-term goal. In 2005, the two core values of Tesco are: No-one tries harder for customers and Treat people as we like to be treated. In 2006, Tescos mission and vision shows that this company is really for quality service and values their customers:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Be the leader in Quality Service provided to everyone in the retailing industry  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Understand the needs of their client and respond with urgency.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Meet customers demands and exceeds their expectations  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maintain highly trained and motivated employees.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Continuously improve their skills, service and achieve excellence in all of the companys endeavours. Objective Objectives are goals that a firm sets itself for the next three or five years. They have a timescale, they must be measurable and they must contribute to the business achieving its aims. The core objective of Tesco is to establish value for customers in order to gain their lifetime loyalty.  Tescos success depends on their valued customers. These customers shop and work with the company. Tescos principle is, if the customer likes what they offer, surely these people will come back and purchase again. Industry Stage Life Cycle The stage life cycle of the retail industry is no doubt to be mature  because of the profits they are gaining every year. The retail industrys profit is increasing and profiting from their cash cows. Tesco is the largest UK retailer and the 3rd largest global retailer. Tesco controlled 30.8% of the UK grocery market as of May 2009 and ~9% of the UK non-food retail market. The majority of its sales and profits are generated in its 2,282 UK stores, which are segmented into the following formats: Tesco Express neighbourhood convenience store that focuses on fresh products, 961 stores Tesco Metro city centre convenience store,174 stores Tesco Superstore conventional supermarket, 448 stores Tesco Extra hypermarket that serves an entire community, 177 stores Tesco Homeplus and One-Stop account for its remaining stores The company also sells general merchandise through Tesco Direct, its online and catalogue businesses. Tescos management focuses on customer satisfaction by giving customers more choices where to shop and by offering them attractive prices on its products. In the fourth quarter of 2008, Tesco began selling new discount range of products to compete more aggressively on price against discounters. Its prices are generally perceived to be at a small premium to Asda and a small discount to Sainsbury and Morrison. Tescos primary supermarket competitors in the UK include Asda (17.3% share of UK grocery market), Sainsbury (16.3% share), WM Morrison Supermarkets (11.2% share), Waitrose (3.7% share), Aldi (2.9% share) and Lidl (2.3% share). In recent years, some of its major competitors have turned around their struggling stores, which will make it more challenging for Tesco to gain significant share in the UK market going forward. Tesco uses its customer information to target and segment communications to the millions of its loyalty program members by almost infinite demographic, purchase, and lifestyle profiles. Several hundred million in-store purchases per day are being tracked by the loyalty-card program. The company developed 5,000 customer needs segments, with each segment receiving personalized coupons. Source: www.tesco.com Income Statement Summary Sources: Companies, www.DeutscheBank.com Tescos UK sales grew 4.3% last year (3% ex gasoline) and its net new stores contributed 2.7% to growth. Its UK sales also benefited from a 53rd week that represented 2.1% of sales and the first time contribution from the consolidation of Tesco Personal Finance. International sales grew 30.6% (including FX benefits) and 13.6% at constant exchange rates benefiting from square footage growth and strong sales growth in Asia. The companys operating margin was flat at 5.9% in fiscal 2009 as unfavourable sales mix was offset by increased productivity and good expense control. Its EPS growth was only 2.6% last year, hurt by 26.7% tax rate vs. 24% in fiscal 2008 when it benefited from tax reimbursement and lower UK corporate tax rate. Introduction: The organisations of choice are within the Retails sector TESCO and ASDA as the elective firm both are UK based companies. 1.1 Tesco objectives blend in with each other All of Tescos objectives blend in with each other. None of the objectives will work without each other. For example; the business will not have any customers if the business is not operating well. Share holders will not invest money in the business, if the business hasnt got any customers. The company will not be able to afford to have any employees working for them if they havent got money being invested in the business. 1.2. Stakeholders Tesco Stakeholders are a certain group of people that have an interest in Tesco group businesses. Each group have their own interests in the business. The service-profit chain attempts to show the interrelationship of a companys internal and external communities, stakeholders and highlights how customer loyalty that translates into revenue growth and profits might be achieved; developed by Heskett et al. (1994). It does this by establishing relationships between profitability, customer loyalty, stakeholders and employees satisfaction. Tesco has many stakeholders. They are as follows: * Shareholders * Customers * Employees * Government and Non-Governmental * Local Community * Suppliers * Financials * Pressure Groups Customers: Generally a customer wants quality goods at a low cost. They would also want a variety of products to choose from. All customers want these things and by Tesco providing them Tesco will attract more customers because of people talking about it (Word-of-Mouth). Tesco like most business need their customers because they are the business income as the customers are the people who buy Tescos products. Tesco staffs hear customers views on everything from how we are serving them in our stores to our role in the community. The customers are a bit like a pressure group because they apply pressure to Tesco to meet their needs. Meeting the customers needs can be things such as expanding their stores. Staff Tesco employees give management their feedback through the Viewpoint staff survey, Staff Question Time sessions and Tesco Staff Forum process. Suppliers Tesco group core value is treat people how we like to be treated, and its something Tesco organisation applied firmly to enhance their suppliers relationships. Investors Capital Investor Relations team regularly meet analysts from the financial institutions which invest in Tesco group or represent their shareholders. All the above defined stakeholders are Tesco group influencers. They affect the outcome of the decision making process through their influence on others. Influence could stem formally from expertise, such as the advice of an accountant on return on investment. 2. Nature of the Retail (Tesco) Marketing Environment The definition that the module assignment work with is that Tesco organisations marketing environment is made up of those forces that lie outside the Tesco group organisation and that exert some degree of influence upon the ways in which marketing management develops relationship with the firms target markets. Two distinct components within Tesco environment are: Micro-environment and the macro-environment. See figure 1 below. Social and cultural factors Legislation Economic Factor Political Issues Technological changes Supply chain Customers Competitors Suppliers Distributors The Tesco Organisation Figure 1. The Tesco Organisations marketing environment It is recognised that regardless of which approach Tesco group adopts; the environment is a significant determinant both of strategy and organisational performance. Baker (1985, pg. 85) described it as the ultimate constraint upon the firms strategy; Drucker (1969), referred to the environment of the 1960 and 1970s as age of discontinuity; and Toffler (1970, pg. 28), who look ahead, referred to it as a time of future shock. 2.1. MARKETING AUDIT The marketing audit is really the launching pad for the Tesco marking plan, because it encourages Tesco management to reflect systematically on the environment and the organisations ability to respond, given its actual and planned capabilities. Similar to financial audit, marketing audit is first and critical about developing a shared, agreed and objective understanding of Tesco organisation. The audit is has suggested by McDonald (1995, p.28): The means by which a company can identify its own strengths and weakness as they relate to external opportunities and threats; It is thus a way of helping management to select a position in that environment based on known factors. Three major elements and potential benefits of the marketing audit can be seen to be: The detailed analysis of the external environment and internal situation The objective evaluation of past performance and present activities. The clearer identification of future opportunities and threats. These three above factors can be viewed against the background of comments made by Ansoff (1968 1984), who has suggested that irrespective of the size of the organisation, corporate decisions have to be made within the constraint of a limited total resource. Marketing audit have a place the overall management audit that incorporate financial audit together with audits of other functional areas as illustrated in figure 2 below. Marketing audit in terms of structure consists of three major and detailed diagnostic steps. That involved a review of: Tesco organisations environment (opportunities and threats) designed to establish the various dimensions of the marketing environment, change and probable impact of these change upon the organisation; its marketing systems (strengths and weakness) an assessment of the extent to which Tescos marketing systems are capable of dealing with the demands of the environment and its marketing activities review of the individual components of the marketing mix. There are the environmental variables and operational variables with distinction in terms of the macro-environmental forces (political / legal, economic / demographic, social / cultural, and technological) that affect the business. Micro-environmental actors (customers, competitors, distributors and suppliers) who subsequently influence Tesco organisations ability to operate profitably in the market-place Macro environment is the most general external audit of the environment, that consist of broad environmental factors, aimed at identifying key variable that offer actionable responses that would benefit Tesco and threats that must be avoided. These key external forces can be divided into five broad categories. Economic forces Social, Cultural, Demographic and Environmental forces Political, Governmental and Legal forces Technological forces Competitive Force Financial audit Personnel audit Production audit The Management audit Marketing audit EXTERNAL (Opportunities and threats) Macro The business and economic environments (political, economic, social/cultural, technological, legal and environmental factors PESTLE) Market Competition INTERNAL (Strengths and weaknesses) Micro Organisational performance and structure Operations and resources Marketing objectives Marketing strategy Information systems Planning systems Control systems Functional efficiency Inter-functional efficiency Profitability analysis Cost-effective analysis Figure 2. The place of the marketing audit in the overall management audit 2.2. SWOT Analysis The strengths and weaknesses of a SWOT analysis focus on the current market position of Tesco in retails business in relation to its: Customers is the business meeting the needs of its target markets Competitors- is the business offering a better way of meeting customer needs compared with its competitors Internal resources- is the business making effective use of its internal resources to meet customer needs and deal with competition The opportunities and threats of a SWOT analysis focus on the future market position of Tesco in retails business. Tesco organisation used their strengths and limits the weaknesses to plan for future development, marketing strategies and activities. Tescos opportunities and threats grew out of objectives, consideration of the real strengths and weaknesses of their business. Specific information were collated (such as data captured and analysed from CRM programs) before the process begins and personnel working to a joint solutions, adopted a truly objective positioning for the processes to be successful and worthwhile. 2.2.1. The main purpose of a SWOT analysis: Identify market opportunities To avoid complacency about market position a self evaluating organization As a safety check before embarking on major new project As a response to change change of director might initiate a SWOT analysis to gauge the strength of the team. There is no set procedure for carrying out a SWOT analysis but care must be taken to identify weaknesses if the process is to serve its purpose. A weakness may purely be lack of information, or lack of suitably qualified staff. SWOT analysis of TESCO Strengths Weaknesses To provide high level customer service Presence in multiple retail markets For Tesco to create unique products Increasing market share Wide knowledge of retail industry Competent top management and rank file for operation and maintenance Existing customer base Financial investment backing. Strong IT returns through internet shopping Good advertising Used iconic models to attract core target group. Tesco Online Brand value Insurance Secured commercial standing within the global market place winning Retailer of the Year 2008 at the World Retail Awards. This can be used for marketing campaigns to drive advantage towards the demographic base for future growth and sustainability Product diversification home and furniture Turnaround in sales and growth As a business looking for continued expansion TESCO have reserve funds of credit coupled with income derived from property portfolio development funds. In an environment where global retail sales are showing decline or level performance on a like for like basis TESCO Group have published sales gain of 13% for UK markets and 26% growth in international markets. As a business looking for continued expansion TESCO have reserve funds of credit coupled with income derived from property portfolio development funds. Tescos position as a price leader in UK markets can lead to reduced profit margins in order to retain the key price points on must have commercial items. Grocer outlets are not set up to operate as specialist retailers in specific areas of product which can be capitalised on by other smaller bespoke retailers. Low supervision on international market Considerably late exploitation of the Internet. Whilst current economic conditions suggest Tescos key value message will succeed there is a weakness in non-essential, mid to high ticket price items which will suffer from the rising cost of living and lower disposable incomes. Reliance upon the UK market Comparing Tesco with British Airways might get you thinking about how dependent Tesco is on the UK market (73.8% of 2003 revenues.) Comparing Tesco with Amazon might reveal flaws in its attempts to move into new markets. TESCO Finance profit levels were impacted through bad debt, credit card arrears and household insurance claims. Grocer outlets are not set up to operate as specialist retailers in specific areas of product which can be capitalised on by other smaller bespoke retailers Opportunities Threats Statistics suggest TESCO is the third largest global grocer which indicates a level of buying power to ensure mainstream economies of scale. Further international growth Expansion of target market Healthy market environment Increasing detraction of small retail businesses in UK Use younger more contemporary models to attract younger generation. The acquisition of Homever provides the opportunity to develop the brand through Asia, specifically South Korea and further grow International markets for the group. The development of Tesco Direct through online and catalogue shopping will grow the use of technology, providing the launch pad for larger non food based products with moderate to high margin returns and less focus on sales and margin per foot return to space. TESCO mobile have grown  ¼ million customers in 2008 and moved into profitable status suggesting further growth and development within this technological area can be developed. Tesco Homeplus stores offer all of Tescos ranges except food in warehouse-style units in retail parks. Introducing wider ranges such as Tesco (Value, Brand, Finest, Wholefoods, Bakery Kids), Healthy Living, Organic, Best Of British, World Foods, Cherokee, Free From, Tesco Christmas, Tescos own clothing label F+F to mention few Other services e.g. banking, insurance, savings to mention few. UK structural change could spark a price war Rising raw material costs from both food and non food will impact profit margins overall International expansion Economic restructuring Intensified competition Government regulation UK and American markets have been affected by economic concerns through the credit crunch. Lower available income will impact and strategic focus may need to change to lower priced basic products with less focus on higher priced brands suggesting a switch in price architecture. Sourcing changes to Far East locations with regards exporting restrictions on some non food product areas will reduce margin rates on products with already low margins. Changes to consumer buying behaviours require further analysis as technology develops consumer buying patterns change which will result in product areas requiring evaluation. For TESCO there is a persistent threat of takeover from the market leader Wal-Mart who has both means and motive to pursue such action. Lower available income will impact and strategic focus may need to change to lower priced basic products with less focus on higher priced brands suggesting a switch in price architecture. Overconfident of Tesco management Figure. 3. Tesco Micro and Macro-Environmental SWOT analysis 3. Tescos Strategic Options 3.1. Generic Strategies Generic Strategies are characterised by an individual retailers response to the industry structure. For a giant retailer, such as Tesco, to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage they may have followed either one of three generic strategies, developed by Porter (1985). The first strategy of cost leadership is one in which Tesco can strive to have the lowest costs in the industry and offer its products and services to a broad market at the lowest prices. This strategy will be based on the Tescos ability to control their operating costs so well that they are able to price their products competitively and be able to generate high profit margins, thus having a significant competitive advantage. Tesco used another strategy of differentiation that it has to try to offer services and products with unique features that customers value; Tesco was able to create brand loyalty for their offerings, and thus, price inelasticity on the part of buyers. Tescos breadths of product offerings, technology, special features, or customer service are popular approaches to differentiation The last strategy of focus can be either a cost leadership or differentiation strategy aimed toward a narrow, focused market. In pursuing a cost leadership strategy Tesco focuses on the creation of internal efficiencies that will help them withstand external pressures. Therefore, it appears reasonable to think that Tesco will have frequent interactions with the governmental/regulatory and supplier sectors of the environment. In accordance to this framework, while both overall cost leadership and differentiation strategies are aimed at the broad market, Tesco may also choose to confine their product to specific market areas or may choose to offer a smaller line of products to the broad market, thus pursuing a strategy of focus or niche (Porter, 1980). In other words, Tesco pursues a strategy of cost leadership or differentiation either in a specific market or with specific products. 3.2. Core Competence and Corporate strategy Superior performance, according to Johnson and Scholes (2003), has to be determined by the way in which companys resources are deployed to create competence in the organisational activities. Core competencies are activities or processes that critically underpin the companys competitive advantage. Core competences may be embedded deep in Tesco at an operational level in the work routines. The framework developed by Prahalad and Hamel in the 1990s suggests that over time companies may develop key areas of expertise which are distinctive to that company and critical to the companys long term growth (Drejer, 2000; De Toni, and Tonchia, 2003). In the case of Tesco the areas of expertise are most likely to develop in the critical, central areas of the organisation where the most value is added to its service and its delivery The phrase used by Tesco to describe its aspiration to appeal to upper, medium and low income customers is inclusive offer in the same stores. Tesco pulled off an idea that other retailers were not aware. That appealed to all segments of the market. One plank of this inclusively has been Tescos use of its own-brand products, including the upmarket Finest and low-price Value. Tesco implemented CRM programme launched the Clubcard rewards program to gather necessary customer information, which it then used to cater to specific customer needs and potential wants. When shoppers signed up for the card, they automatically submitted their age, gender, and income. Tesco was able to segment their shoppers based on these factors. As soon as the shopper used the card when shopping online or in-store, purchased product information was automatically uploaded into Tesco database. Product information was used to cross-sell additional products and services such as grocery delivery services. Beginning in 1997 when Terry Leahy took over as CEO, Tesco began marketing itself using the phrase The Tesco Way to describe the companys core purposes, values, principles, and goals This phrase became the standard marketing speak for Tesco as it expanded domestically and internationally under Leahys leadership, implying a shift by the company to focus on people, both customers and employees. 3.3. Partnership with Tesco Tesco respond to changes in marketing by partnering with other businesses; Tesco then added a travel service through a partnership with Lunn Poly, giving discounts off high-street prices. It also combined its card with Visa through the Royal Bank of Scotland, and offered discounts on DIY goods through well-known home improvement chain BQ. In 1997 it added a full range of financial services, and the Tesco Direct service. Adding value was mandatory to these functional items so, for example, expectant mothers were given priority parking outside the store, changing facilities, and personal shopping assistants to help them. In 1998, after the U.K.s deregulation of utilities, Tesco began to offer electricity and telecommunications products and services. Also in that year, clothing was added to the range through Next. By this time, Tesco had identified 108 customer market segments. This year, 2000, a joint undertaking with General Motors allows customers to buy cars from Tesco. 3.4. Enhancing Quality Everyday, top managers of Tesco stores gather for an hour-and-a-half customer advocacy meeting to pore over that weeks performance statistics. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a strategy which is concerned with changing the fundamental beliefs, values and culture of an organisation, harnessing the enthusiasm and participation of everyoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.towards an overall idea of right first time by Atkinson and Naden (1989, pg 6). What makes this unusual is that every performance measure under scrutiny relates to customer satisfaction, and this meeting is the most important one on the corporate schedule. See Appendix 2 for On-Time-Delivery Tesco competitive strategy. 4. Industry Attractiveness   Inherent within the notion of strategy is the issue of competitiveness, analyzing industry attractiveness, and Porters (1979) five forces model is used. The attractiveness of the retail industry depends on the situation of competition. The competition in the retail industry is based on its economic structure Porters Five Forces Model implies that business are being influenced by five forces namely supplier power, threat of substitutes, buyer power, barriers to entry and rivalry. This model also implies that business must be able to understand the industry context in which they operate. 4.1. Porter five forces analysis: A Porters five forces analysis can complement other techniques, like a SWOT analysis. A SWOT analysis focuses on the company, while a Porters five forces analysis looks at the external factors impacting on a company Porters five forces framework as shown in figure 4, helps identify the sources of competition in the retail sector, and as a way of assessing the attractiveness that profit Tescos retails market. The underlying force in the macro-environment driven competitive forces are:- The bargaining power of supplier The bargaining power of buyers The threat of potential new entrants The threat of substitutes The extent of competitive rivalry The above five forces are not independent of each other, connection between competitive forces and the key driver in macro-environment is essential. Pressures from one direction can trigger off changes in another in a dynamic process of shifting sources of competition. Industry Competitors Rivalry among Existing firms Potential Entrants Buyers Suppliers Substitutes Bargaining power of suppliers Bargaining power of buyers Threat of substitude products or services Threat of new entrants Figure 4, Porters Five Forces Model The objectives of such an analysis investigated how Tesco organisation formed its strategy in other to develop opportunities and protect itself against competition and other threats. This must be done in order to better design the strategy that the business will use to be able to compete with rivals within the same industry. It is important for businesses to determine the level of competition present within the industry. This will allow them to address potential risks before they even strike. 4.2. Cost advantage and differentiation According to Baker (1985), a business positions itself based on its strengths and strength are categorized into two cost advantage and differentiation. Furthermore, when these strengths are applied in either a narrow or a broad sense, it will result to three generic strategies focus, differentiation and cost leadership strategy. Cost leadership strategy means that the company is the low cost producer or provider of a certain quality item in a given industry. This kind of strategy is being implemented for two reasons and achieved through two ways. The first method and reason is to sale items at average industry price so that the company will be able to be more profitable compared to rivals. The second method and reason is to sale the products at below average industry price in order to gain market share. According to Baker (1985), a company that has the ability to produce or offer less costly products will be able to remain profitable for a longer period. It is important to note that this strategy targets a broad market. 4.3. BCG Matrix Tesco can be considered as a cash cow because it distributes quality and extra services to its consumers and equipped with new innovative products and services in United Kingdom. At the same time the company can also be considered as Stars because they put a lot of efforts to increase the awareness of their consumers to the benefits of e-commerce and retailing 5. Market Objectives and Strategies Implementation Strategy frameworks and structuring tools are keys to assessing the business situation. Risk and value trade-offs are made explicit, leading to concrete proposals to add value and reduce risk. Explicit plans for action, including effective planning need to be developed by Tesco as the strategic alternative. Piercy and Morgan (1990, pg. 2) state: In short, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..reality the marketing executive faces is that implementing plans and strategies successfully is often d